Operations and Project Management

Table of Contents Introduction Operations Performance Operations Strategy New Product Development Quality Management Inventory Management References Introduction Organisational growth and development is enhanced by various factors among them being cost effectiveness and development of operational strategies that respond to the emerging market needs. Such strategies should also be effective in helping an organisation to gain competitive advantage so that it can withstand competitive forces both in the short and in the end.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this paper is to discuss various ways in which the Toyota Company treats the different topics taught in its daily activities of development and growth. In the effort to achieve this aim, five main topics are considered in the paper. These are operations performance, operations strate gy, new products development, quality management, and inventory management. Operations Performance Analysis of operations performance for an organisation is important in the effort to ensure that it remains competitive in the market. According to Chase, Jacob, and Aquilano (2007), operational performance refers to the â€Å"performance measured against the standards or prescribed indicators of effectiveness, efficiency, and environmental responsibility such as the cycle time, productivity, waste reduction, and regulatory performance† (p.45). To satisfy these concerns of operational performance, the Toyota Car Company deploys various operations management philosophies to enhance effectiveness, waste control, and reduction. These philosophies include the just-in-time (JIT) production and kaisen approaches.  Toyota Company adopted the just-in-time strategy as a manufacturing philosophy in the 1970s. The focus of philosophy is waste elimination together with reduction of invent ory levels. The central mechanism for operation of the just-in-time approach is based on Kanban, which is a Japanese term that means a card. The key aspect of JIT embraces quality control, waste minimisation, reduction of production complexities and increase in transparency, and ensuring that production is done in small lots or batches. Increasing the competitive advantage of the Toyota Company through JIT approach is rested in the need to satisfy customers. According to Toyota (2012), this role is accomplished through â€Å"fulfilling customer demands efficiently and promptly by linking all production activities to real marketplace demand† (Para.2).This strategy underline the significance of considering customers in enchaining the performance of an organisation in terms of delivering the desired outputs, which satisfy the utilities of consumers. This case means that the operations of the Toyota Company are organised around building strong customer relationships. Ideally, the JIT approach is dependent on the processes, which are finely tuned so that an assembly sequence only makes use of materials, which are only required by the organisation. Such materials must be of the right quality and quantity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the Toyota Company, there is a need to face the challenges of meeting an appropriate mix for production of various models of automobiles. The Toyota Company must select an appropriate product mix that will satisfy the demand besides ensuring production of the demanded automobiles in a cost effective manner. In this extent, Toyota (2012) reckons, â€Å"Just-in-time offers a smooth, continuous, and optimised workflow, with carefully planned and measured work-cycle times whereas the on-demand movement of goods reduces the cost of wasted time, materials, and capacity† (Para.2). Through an effectively planned prod uction process, workers are given an opportunity to concentrate on tasks that add value to an organisation. Concentrating on tasks having the capability to add value to the organisation has the effect of reducing the prices of products since costs, which do not go into adding the costs that are directly related to production of every unit made by the company, are eliminated. Hence, the performance of the company is directly correlated to adoption of successful production philosophies such as the just-in-time organisation strategy. Kaisen is yet another important performance concept for operations performance improvement for the automobile manufacturing company. Kaisen focuses principally on continuous improvement of various operations of the company. The performance improvement approach also dwells on reduction of production wastes in the effort to ensure that the final produced products have optimal value addition. Kaisen ensures that the Toyota Company is able to add value and ens ure continuous improvement of every operation. According to Kennedy (2005), â€Å"†¦this idea of continual improvement is carried out on a day-to-day basis serving the purpose of humanising the workplace by eliminating unnecessary hard work† (p.18). This way, it is possible to ensure that all employees are encouraged to engage in practices that foster collective organisational improvement. In the effort to save the cost associated with implementation of new designs at the Toyota Company, kaisen is deployed as a measure of performance improvement since it focuses on a smaller scale testing of designs before they are implemented on a large scale. This strategy has the effect of saving the company millions of dollars due to the failure of large scale or full size new model and operations route failures. From the context of operations and performance of employees, Kaisen is focused on increasing the morale of the employees, encouraging collaboration, and teamwork. It also pa ys incredible attention to the organisational improvement at all levels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operations Strategy The Toyota Company is the second largest company in the world. This immense success has attracted scholarly interest to unveil the business strategy deployed by the company. Many operations management scholars believe that such a strategy can form a significant benchmark. To enhance the success of an organisation, an investment in a credible corporate strategy is crucial (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2005: Barney 2009). The Toyota Company’s business strategy revolves around five main operational facets. These are development of a production system that is unique to Toyota, investments in re-engineering, high emphasis on quality and superior technology, production of hybrid vehicles, and high concerns on employeesâ⠂¬â„¢ welfare related costs. The strategy also revolves around building a motivated workforce through the adoption of various employee satisfaction strategies. Although each of these facets is incredible in business strategies for success, the Toyota Company recognises that a production system can affect the overall direct costs of production in such a way that the final products would be offered to the market at exorbitant prices. This case would in turn influence the sales volume and hence the profitability of the company. It is for this purpose that the Toyota Company has invested on technologically aware production systems with the aim of cutting the cost of production. These systems include lean manufacturing, just-in-time approach, Kaisen, Jokoda, Andan, Kanban, and the pull system. New Product Development Developments of new products are accomplished through different approaches. In western and Japan car manufacturing firms, software applications together with other appliance s are deployed in the assessment of new design options. In the western manufacturing firms, the approach of development of new products essentially entails defining various new product specifications, development of performance requirements, and the building of prototypes. The prototype is then tested against the anticipated performance requirements. In case of failure of the prototype to meet the desired performance requirements, the new product development teams repeat the whole design process by considering the design alterations that are identified in the first design phase. This agile approach to new product development is both time and financial resource consuming. Upon identification of this drawback, based on JIT and Kaisen production philosophies adopted by Toyota, the company adopts a different new product development approach.  The main objective of new product development engineers at the Toyota Company is to ensure a continuous flow of various models of cars.Advertisi ng Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opposed to the agile design approaches to the development of new products discussed above, â€Å"instead of assigning a team to focus on developing one product in particular, work is concentrated on the subsystems level† (Kennedy, 2005, p.17). The main reasoning behind this approach is that it is possible to inter-mix various subsystems within the organisation to establish different matches, which increase the possibilities of creating new products in the shortest time possible.   Hence, the company is able to maintain creative and innovative approaches to the development of new products. The subsystem design approach in the development of new products gives rise to several advantages. For instance, whenever any new product under development arrives at the stage of testing, in case the system encounters a challenge to progress, engineers have immediate alternative subsystems to try rather than restarting the whole design process. This approach to the development of new prod ucts at the Toyota Company is consistent with the Muda approach to operations at the company. Quality Management In operation management, one of the essential topics that are taught at an organisation is the maintenance of preset quality control levels. Quality is important in enhancing customer satisfaction. The Toyota Company pays incredible attention to the consistency of quality for all its automobile models. This role is accomplished through the total quality approach to operations of the company. In fact, in Japan, the Toyota Company was the first manufacturing company to implement quality control strategies in the 1940s. Over the years, the Toyota Company has made immense strategies in ensuring that quality control at all production levels is deployed as a tool for reduction of wastes through lean manufacturing. Through the approaches of continuous improvement, all employees are held accountable for quality of all products in their workstations. Instead of focusing on accessi ng the quality of products at the assemblage stage, or when the products have been fully assembled, the Toyota Company carries quality assessment at the on the job site. This strategy means that all products that are assembled will have passed through quality screening. The Toyota Company’s way of operation ensures that quality standards are met in a concise manner. This methodology endeavours to â€Å"eliminate waste and overproduction, as well as to create a bureaucratic system where any employee can suggest a change where he or she sees it can fit† (Kennedy 2005, p.18). This postulation means that quality control measures of the Toyota Company rely heavily on human involvement. Through employees, the Toyota Company encourages them to take responsibility for the consistency of the quality of all its products. This aim is accomplished by focusing on two main quality goals and strategies. These are ‘respect for people’ and more importantly, the urge to mee t the needs of customers through an operation model that keeps the needs of the ‘customer first.’ Inventory Management In large manufacturing organisations such as the Toyota Company, cute management of inventories is important. The company appreciates that keeping large inventories amounts to poor utilisation of space. From the paradigm of the just-in-time production philosophy, at the Toyota Company, this case is treated as waste accumulations. Hence, the JIT scheme is an important philosophy that guides the process of determination of appropriate levels of inventories that should be held by the company. With regard to Chase, Jacobs, and Aquilano (2007), inventory control is important in the efforts to â€Å"reduce costs, improve quality, and meet the ever changing customer needs† (p.81). However, certain levels of inventories are appropriate because of the need to mitigate the costs associated with low inventories levels in any production organisations. These include the costs of urgent replenishment of raw materials and late deliveries of ordered products. Since the Toyota Company does not store finished stocks or raw materials that are not in use, a reliable means of determining the market demand and anticipated sales volumes in all markets of the company is necessary through statistical forecasting. Through the just-in-time approach, the Toyota Company makes it possible to procure and/or receive inventories in appropriate times. Hence, it also becomes possible to produce various models of cars that are ordered by customers to be delivered at the exact time when they are required.  Since the production system is continuous and balanced such that no accumulation of materials in the production process is evident, work-in-progress materials do not accumulate. Hence, apart from elimination of the finished product inventories or raw material inventories, work-in-progress inventories are also eliminated. Inventory control is an important t opic at the company since all employees are mandated to report on any inventory accumulations at their workstations so that appropriate steps can be taken to correct the problem. References Chase, B, Jacobs, F Aquilano, J 2007, Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, McGraw-Hill, New York. Johnson, G, Scholes, K Whittington, R 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Kennedy, M 2005, ‘Implementing Toyota’s Products Development Systems’, Appliance Magazine, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 17-18. Toyota 2012, Toyota material handling. Web. This essay on Operations and Project Management was written and submitted by user K1nsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Operations and Project Management

Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay Essays

Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay Essays Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay Paper Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay Paper â€Å"Look like the guiltless flower but be the snake under it† â€Å"let non light see my deep and dark desires† â€Å"to alter favor of all time is to fear† â€Å"The service and the trueness I owe† â€Å"Point against point. rebellious arm ‘gainst arm† 1. How are they corrupted by the immorality in them? After making the highest degree success Macbeth still desires more and is willing to fall to any degree to accomplish it. When the evil nowadayss Macbeth with the chance. he puts all his trust in it subsequently to happen out immorality has played a dual game. 2. Is Lady Macbeth wholly evil? Lady Macbeth is non evil she is merely seeking to assist her hubby in his aspiration. she takes support of immorality to carry through her aspiration when she pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan and challenges his manhood that she forgets her ethical motives because she is excessively lost in her aspiration. 3. Find illustrations in the drama in which characters try to conceal the truth from around them? Macbeth hallucinates about Banquo’s shade who symbolises Macbeth’s goodness but to conceal his guilty witting he becomes barbarous towards others. Banquo hides the prognostication from the remainder of the land because he doesn’t believe them to be true. but still uncertainties Macbeth for Duncan’s slaying. 4. Why do they make it? Macbeth hid his 3 prognostications from others because he didn’t know whether it would be true or non and because one time he heard that Malcolm will inherit his father’s throne. He and Lady Macbeth planned to kill the male monarch hence. if people knew about his prognostications they would hold fishy him in an instant the King is dead. 5. What does this state us about the universe around them? The universe is really little and they would travel to any bounds to protect themselves and accomplish their ends. 6. Macbeth and Banquo’s reactions to the witches’ prognostications are really different. In what ways? Macbeth doesn’t believe at foremost but when he is promoted he starts to believe and uses the prognostications as usher towards his aspiration whereas Banquo neer believed in the witched and ever thought they were evil. 7. What are the different effects of their attitudes? Macbeth believed in immorality and allow it steer him into an blink of an eye of success which finally leads him to his ain devastation. decease. Banquo doesn’t believe in immorality and allow good steer his manner. but is murdered by Macbeth because he was so good that Macbeth got scared for his safety. 8. Would you see Macbeth’s aspiration to be flaw in his character? Macbeth aspiration is excessively great for him to manage. and he put all of his trust on those prognostications which lead to his ruin. Those prognostications can be seen as hallucination and alternatively of swearing his milieus. his friends. 9. What about Lady Macbeth’s aspiration? Is she ambitious for herself or her hubby? Lady Macbeth’s aspiration merely started when she got the missive from Macbeth and she wanted to assist her hubby make the prognostications come true. The lone thing that’s in the manner to do the prognostication came true is Malcolm. 10. What has the drama got to state us about selfish. unbridled aspiration? The drama tells the audience that being selfish will expose and semblance success would vanish if the individual stops to experience human emotions. 11. Why does Banquo’s shade merely appear to Macbeth during the feast? Banquo’s ghost merely appeared to Macbeth during the feast is because it was Macbeth’s scruples and guilt that take form to organize Banquo’s shade. No 1 else in the feast knew that it was Macbeth who plotted his friend’s decease. 12. What does this state us about Macbeth’s scruples? It tells us that Macbeth is guilty of the offenses he had committed. and shortly realises that one time his left entirely no 1 he could swear. like Banquo. 13. Find illustrations in the drama to notice on this subject When Duncan is King of Scotland. it seems that the topographic point is peaceable and everyone can swear each other. Whereas when Macbeth is King there are pandemonium everyplace and people couldn’t trust each other because they afraid that the other individual might be Macbeth’s undercover agents and their lives would be in danger if they said anything against Macbeth. 14. See Banquo’s sense of honor Banquo might every bit good be a small responsible for Duncan decease because he hide the prognostications from the land though he ever remained loyal to his functioning male monarch. 15. Why is Malcolm so leery of an honorable character like Macduff? Malcolm was so leery of Macduff because the former Thane of Cawdor was an honorable adult male and yet he betrayed Duncan. Malcolm wanted to do certain that when he would be surrounded by trustworthy and loyal Thanes and non the 1s that would be power hungry like Macbeth. 16. Review and list once more the qualities Shakespeare thinks are needed by a male monarch to regulate a state Honesty Kind Fair Loyalty Generosity Courage 17. List the things that are non what they seem to be. and people whose world is different from their visual aspect Duncan visits Macbeth’s palace and was amazed at the position of the palace but didn’t know that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth plotted to kill him. The old Thane of Cawdor seems like he’s really baronial but he ended up being a treasonist. A sticker – A A wood – B False promises – A A shade – A Two guilty grooms – A A wicked prince- A A ‘foul and fair’ twenty-four hours – B.

PSAT Test Dates 2018

PSAT Test Dates 2018 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Will you or your child be taking the PSAT in 2018? Are you wondering what day the exam will be held?The PSAT is different from other standardized tests, such as the SAT and ACT, because you cannot choose which day you’d like to take the exam. When will this test date be? What if you can’t make it? This guide will answer both those questions, as well as explain the importance of PSAT scores, when you can expect to receive your scores, and how you can prepare for the exam. How Is the PSAT Administered? When you take the SAT and/or the ACT, you’ll have a choice of test centers and dates to choose from. This isn’t the case with the PSAT.With the PSAT, you’ll take the exam during the school day (unless the exam is on a Saturday) at your high school, on a date that has been predetermined by the College Board, the makers of the PSAT. The College Board offers a primary test date and an alternate test date, and each school decides which date they will administer the PSAT on.The College Board recommends using the primary test date, and the vast majority of schools will choose that date to administer the PSAT. Generally, schools will only choose the alternate test date if there are circumstances that make it impossible for them to choose the primary test date. You’ll have to take the PSAT on the date that your school offers it. What Are the Expected PSAT Dates for 2018? What will the PSAT test date be for 2018? Here are the official 2018 PSAT test dates: Primary test date: October 10, 2018 (a Wednesday) Alternate test date: October 24, 2018 (a Wednesday) Saturday test date: October 13, 2018 (a Saturday) As mentioned above, each school will choose a test date and inform its students in advance as to when that date will be. Most schools choose the primary test date, which, for 2018, will be October 10. What If You Miss Your PSAT Date? What if you can’t take the PSAT on the date your school is offering it? Are there any other options if you’re sick or absent that day? Yes! If you miss the PSAT exam date, you may still be able to retake the test. In order to do so, you must contact the National Merit Scholarship Corporation in writing by March 1st. On their website, the National Merit Scholarship Corporation states, â€Å"A student who does not take the PSAT/NMSQT because of illness, an emergency, or other extenuating circumstance, but meets all other requirements for NMSC program participation, may still be able to enter the competition. The student or a school official must write to NMSC as soon as possible after the PSAT/NMSQT administration to request information about procedures for alternate entry to the National Merit Scholarship Program. The earlier NMSC receives the written request, the greater the student's opportunities for meeting alternate entry requirements. To be considered, a request must be postmarked no later than March 1 following the PSAT/NMSQT administration that was missed. NMSC will provide alternate entry materials that require the signature of a school official.† For most people, the only reason to try and make up the PSAT would be if you’re aiming for National Merit.If you just wanted to use the PSAT as practice for the SAT, it’s much easier to take a timed practice test on your own time rather than go through the whole process of making up the PSAT. If you miss the PSAT, you may still have another chanceto take it. When Will You Receive Your PSAT Scores? After you take the PSAT, how quickly will you receive your scores?You can expect to get your PSAT scores in January, so about three months after you take the exam. Sometime in January, typically in the middle of the month, you’ll receive an email telling you that you can view your scores on your College Board account. Your school counselor will receive access to the scores the day before. By the end of the month, your school should also issue paper score reports to all students who took the PSAT. Your score report will include your total score (from 320-1520), two section scores in Evidence Based Reading and Writing as well as Math (from160-760), three test scores in Reading, Writing and Language, and Math (from 8-38), as well as several other subscores so you can see how well you did on specific areas of the test.Your score report will also include your Selection Index Score (ranging from 48 to 228), which will give you an idea if you quality for National Merit. PSAT scores are important for two main reasons. First, they give you an idea of how well you’d perform on the actual SAT and where your strengths and weaknesses are. Second, juniors who take the PSAT have the chance to qualify for National Merit awards and scholarships if they score very well on the test. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: How to Prepare for the PSAT To get ready for the PSAT, follow these three tips to help ensure you get your best score on test day. Step 1: Become Familiar With the Exam You want to sit down on test day knowing exactly what to expect from the PSAT.This means you should be familiar with the format of the exam, how long the exam will be, and when you get breaks.We have an introduction to the PSAT to get you started. Once you feel solid with that general information, start looking at the exam more in-depth. What types of questions will be asked in each section? What subjects will they be on? How will they be worded? How many questions are in each section.Check out a more in-depth guide to the PSAT as well as a guide on how the PSAT is scored. By learning this information, you’ll be able to focus your studying more effectively, and you won’t be tripped up by any surprises on test day. Step 2: Create a Study Plan When you create a study plan, it’s easier to track your progress, and you’re more likely to study.Create a schedule of when you’ll study each week. It helps if you can choose a regular time, such as 5-7pm Tuesdays and Thursdays or 12-3pm on Saturdays, because you’ll be more likely to remember to study and not double-book yourself. Also, set regular goals you want to meet each week or month, such as a topic you want to understand better or a score goal you want to meet. Creating a study plan will make your PSAT preparation more focused and effective, and you’ll be able to see if you’re making the progress you want. Step 3: Take Practice Tests One of the best ways to prepare for the PSAT is to take practice exams. These practice exams will give you an idea of how well you’ll score on the real thing and let you know which areas you should focus your studying on.We have links to free official PSATs you can take to help you prepare. In order to get the most out of these tests, you should take the test timed, in one sitting, and with minimal distractions. This will help you get the most accurate score. Like chess, when youpractice the PSAT your skills will improve. Recap: PSAT Test Dates 2018 Unlike other standardized tests, the PSAT is only offered once a year.The primary test date for 2018 is October 10, with alternate test days offered on October 24 and October 13. Your school will choose which day it will administer the PSAT, with most schools choosing the primary test date. If you miss that test date, it’s still possible to make up the PSAT by writing to National Merit. The PSAT is important as preparation for the SAT and as the way to qualify for National Merit. To help yourself do well on the exam, you can become familiar with the test, create a study plan, and take practice exams. What's Next? Not happy with your initialPSAT results? Here's everything you need to do to raise your PSAT score. What PSAT score do you need to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship? Find out by reading this guide! How does the PSAT differ from the SAT? Learn the four key differences between these two exams to help with your future studying. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman Essay

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman - Essay Example While discussing on Skinners theory Mclntyre says â€Å"He rejected the idea of inner causes for behavior, and placed emphasis on observable behavior as opposed to the theorizing, based on unverifiable evidence, often done by others" (Mclntyre, 2003).Skinner believed that the reappearance of a behavior was solely due to the consequences present at the time of reappearance. He firmly believed that the progression of a certain behavior can be hindered with a chain of reinforcements like a behavior pattern being rewarded every time will eventually result in the behavior getting vanished. While Skinner’s theory is still practiced in modern psychology, animal trainers, who take the help of â€Å"operant conditioning† to discipline the animals, frequently use it. This will mean conditioning of the animal to produce a behavior motivated by reward.While both Watson and Skinner may have similar outlook on behavior, there is a major difference. Skinner believed that due importan ce should be given to the inner part of the behavior like thinking, feeling including emotions, while considering overall behavior of the person. Watson was of the opinion that such mental states cannot be studied scientifically and thus should not be used for referencing the behavior patterns.On the other hand, Tolman was not a radical behaviorist like Skinner. Tolman believed that the behavior was not just an automatic response to the stimulation of a reward.. He believed that learning could occur without the use of a rein forcer.

Evaluation of the Proposal for an Original TV Drama Movie Review

Evaluation of the Proposal for an Original TV Drama - Movie Review Example The plot of this book revolves around the life and experiences of Darlene Deibler Rose, the wife of an American missionary, in Dutch New Guinea during the World War II. Thus the story has all the requisite ingredients that go into the making of an engrossing TV drama, be it the situations marked by raw violence and senseless intolerance, moments of intense emotional turmoil and amorphous internal conflicts, an innate possibility for action that gives ample scope for bringing in intermittent physicality to keep the screen alive and moving, a parallel and ongoing emotional and spiritual growth of the main character and an inspiring message. This TV drama will certainly succeed in evoking the feelings of pity and fear of the audience, thereby making way for a scope for catharsis, which the contemporary viewers desperately need. The unfolding of the plot amidst the scenes of a Japanese invasion and a lush and green tropical landscape do imbue the story with an exotic appeal and uniquenes s. Unique Protagonist Darlene Deibler Rose stands to be a unique character that is bound to attract the attention and interest of a large audience. Her actions and dialogues in the drama will definitely present a set of unique emotional, intellectual and moral qualities that will facilitate a sense of stability and timelessness in this ever changing world. In today’s fast paced and digitalized world, there exists a basic human need for stability and anchorage. Thus the viewers will conclusively respond in an embracing manner to the exceptionally assuring aspirations, nature and temperament of Darlene revealed in an environment marred by a more then bearable physical and mental torture and abuse.Amidst the heart rending and pathetically flat vengeance and hatred projected by the Japanese soldiers, Darlene will certainly stand out as a well rounded character that continually evolves from the beginning to the end amidst a scenario of crisis and confinement. Hence the quintessential message of the sto ry is that of hope, faith and persistence, which will unexceptionally transcend all the barriers of gender, race, status, age, ethnicity and nationality. This is what is exactly required in any successful TV drama, an inherent ability to extend the scope of the plot to the essential human element in the viewers, which is ubiquitous and outdoes all the superficial differences. Therefore the proposed adaptation is laden with an immense human and commercial scope and is expected to accrue the loyalty and patronage of a broad based and variegated viewership. Commercial Viability The project smacks of a strong commercial viability. The basic criteria that any well received TV drama, as any other well sold product, needs to qualify is that it must recognize a dire need existing amongst the audience and must satisfy that need. The contemporary audience yearn for an emotional experience that they can relate to and identify with at some level. At the same time, they want that experience to be far placed in time and space, so as to facilitate the required intellectual distance to reflect on the

Eng Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Eng Compare and Contrast Essay This paper will be examining two theories on personality development; Sigmund Freud’s argument on the three structures of personality and Albert Bandura’s findings on social learning also called observational learning (Witt Mossler, 2010). Sigmund Freud the neurologist based his study on his grown mental patients while Albert Bandura the psychologist based his theory on observing young children within pre-set environments. Both Sigmund Freud and Albert Bandura have two different academic approaches to personality development. Sigmund Freud presented structured mental tendencies (Id, Ego and Super-ego) on personality development while on the other hand Albert Bandura stressed on external influences. Both theories have credible contrasting as well as similar assumptions. A theory can be defined as, â€Å"A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and make predictions† (Santrock, 1989, p. 33). Santrock further explained that a theory makes assumptions that can be tested to determine their accuracy. Personality, according to the Oxford Dictionary from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character. In other words it is the combination of mental, emotional and physical character traits that are peculiar to an individual. The Oxford Dictionary also defined development as â€Å"A specified state of growth or advancement; or a change in situation.† Both Freud’s and Bandura’s theories are based on personality development. Sigmund Freud presented an argument that man’s personality is mainly governed by three different levels of consciousness or mental state; the id, the ego and the super-ego. He argued that the id is a demanding inborn force that drives a newborn to desire food, pass urine, defecate, be warm and gain sexual pleasure. He went on further to argue that the id demands immediate gratification and personal pleasure. It usually wants satisfaction and is ruled by what Freud called the pleasure principle. Freud presented the argument that this kind of self-gratifying behavior in infants is inborn not learned. For example, a young child will shamelessly play with its genitals in pursuit of the pleasure it receives. This child will seek this sexual pleasure regardless of where he/she is, or who is watching because according to Freud’s theory, the id is totally unconscious (Santrock, 1989, p. 34). While on the other hand, Albert Bandura did not present any argument on the children’s inborn nature (Witt Mossler, 2010). However, Bandura focused his study on how external forces such as caregivers and other children around them affected children’s behavior. He argued and demonstrated in his experiments that children carefully observed and modeled or copied the behavior of others around them. He went on further to suggest that those children who watched television also modeled the behavior that they witnessed on the screen. Dr. Bandura demonstrated in his experiment, how children learned and copied aggressive behavior towards a toy clown. He placed the clown along with many other toys and the children in a room. As part of the experiment, several adults walked through the room, each one hitting the clown in passing. The children in the room, after observing the adult behavior, modeled it by hitting the clown without any prompting or provocation. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura had no medical explanation attached to his assumptions. Freud’s next level is the super-ego. It is the conscience that governs behavior that is socially accepted. It is the level that teaches humans to imitate the behavior of his/her caregivers within the environment (Witt Mossler, 2010, p. 5 chapter 2). Similarly Bandura’s social learning states that children imitate the adults around them. This means that their super-ego governs their behavior just as Freud claimed. This is illustrated when girls play dress-up to look just like their mothers and boys display aggressive behavior just like their fathers. This means that Freud’s argument on super-ego which is formed through social learning is the same as Bandura’s observational learning (Witt Mossler, 2010). Freud’s final mental level of personality is the conscious mind named the ego; it balances the demands of the id and the super-ego. According to Freud, the ego makes rational decisions (Santrock, 1989 p. 34). An example of this is a New Yorker’s internal drive (id) to avoid buying a train ticket and jump over the turnstile at the subway station. The super-ego cautions against that behavior because of the probability of getting caught while the conscious, rational ego points away from the long line at the ticket counter and towards ticket vending machines that are available. The ego satisfies both the id (got on the train) and the super-ego (acted within the law). Similarly, Bandura’s social learning theory speaks to conforming to social behavior within the children’s environment (Witt Mossler, 2010). In that the children in his experiments were conforming whether in a good or bad way; the ego will respond to the super-ego (good or evil). Therefore, it can be argued Sigmund Freud the medical doctor/neurologist who based his study on his mentally ill adult patients and Albert Bandura the psychologist who pre-set modeled behavior before young children both arrived at credible assumptions. In most parts, the assumptions have similarities despite Freud’s medical approach as against Bandura’s psychological social environment approach. A significant contrast is the age difference of the subjects that they studied; Freud’s adults and Bandura’s young children. Dr. Sigmund Freud presented structured mental tendencies (Id, Ego and Super-ego) on personality development while on the other hand Dr. Albert Bandura stressed on external influences. Both theories have credible contrasting as well as similar assumptions. REFERENCE http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/personality Santrock, J. W. (1995). Life-Span Development. Dubuque, IA: Brown Benchmark Witt, G. A., Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult Development Life Assessment. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc

Illusion and Fantasy in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams

Illusion and Fantasy in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams An illusion is fake belief whereas fantasy is imagining fanciful visions. Both these themes are important in the play because they show how they can be mistaken for reality by each character in the play. The themes illusion and fantasy are involved from the start of the play. We learn from when Stanley throws the package of meat down to Stella that he is a dominant character and that his relationship with Stella isn’t as happy as it may seem to be. Even in scene 2, Stanley’s aggressiveness is shown towards Stella, ‘since when do you give me orders?’. However, the most significant example of his brutality is during the Poker Game in scene 3. This is where the themes illusion and fantasy are brought in, because Stella lives in a fantasy world with Stanley. We learn how Stanley keeps Stella under the thumb. However violent Stanley might be, she won’t reveal that her relationship has problems to Blanche or anyone, ‘it wasn’t anything as serious as you seem to take it. In the first place, when men are drinking and playing poker anything can happen.’ Stella has psychologically made herself get used to this behaviour from Stanley, ‘why, on our wedding – soon as we came in here – he snatched off one of my slippers and rushed about the place, smashing the light bulbs with it.’ She has made it seem normal because she is illusioned by the thought that what they have is too strong to let go. Stanley is like an addictive drug to her, for example, in scene 4, Stella is in ‘narcotised tranquillity’. However rough he may be, Stella needs Stanley as a fix. It is as though she is brainwashed by him. When Blanche comments on the previous nights even... ...he becomes desperate and unhinged. She sees marriage as her only means of escaping her demons, so Mitch’s rejection amounts to a sentence of living in her internal world. Once Mitch crushes the make-believe identity Blanche has constructed for herself, Blanche begins to descend into madness. With no audience for her lies, which Blanche admits are necessary when she tells Mitch that she hates reality and prefers â€Å"magic,† Blanche begins performing for herself. Yet Blanche’s escapist tendencies no longer show her need to live in a world full of pleasant bourgeois ease. Instead of fancy and desire, her new alternate reality reflects regret and death. She is alone, afraid of both the dark and the light; her own mind provides her with a last support of escape. Her fantasies control her, not the other way around, but still she shrinks from the horror of reality.

Environment as Effective Support for Speech Essay

How our setting uses the environment to provide effective support for speech, language and communicating. As adults caring for children it is important to support and encourage them in their speech, language and communication skills. As babies they begin with cooing at about 6 weeks and then move onto babbling at about 6 months. At about 9 months this progresses so you can begin to differentiate different languages and children begin to interact with adults. During these stages we use exaggerated facial expressions and point to things and begin to use simple words to label things. We simplify our language to suit their needs. At about 12 months babies start using words and by 18 months have about 10 words or so. As they move towards 2 years old they start to put words together to form sentences. And the biggest development is between 2 and 3 when it can be hard to keep up with them as new words are learnt every day and real speech starts to begin. Around now as adults we start to simplify less and start to help enrich a child’s vocabulary. Between 3 and 4 longer sentences are formed and children start to socialise and interact with each other although grammatical mistakes will often be made. By 5 or 6 the basic skills of speech language and communication are mastered. At the Kings School we have children entering our setting with all sorts of different levels of S.L.C. some will be quite proficient while some may need extra support. Being able to communicate and be able to use and understand speech will assist a child’s overall development. For a Childs cognitive learning being able to understand the teacher and to see something new and label it and say what is happening aids their understanding and memory. Emotionally being able to share thoughts and feelings, to be able to say when they are happy or not and to know when someone else is unhappy. It will also impact on their behaviour. There may be less outbursts and upsets if they can express themselves and clearly understand instructions and any rules given. Friendships are vital to a child’s development and if they can interact with each other they can develop social skills which will carry through to adult hood and assist future development. At the Kings School we try to make sure we are providing a supportive environment to encourage the children’s S.L.C. needs. Many factors can affect this including; The physical environment. The child needs an interesting environment so they are kept stimulated and have something to talk about. We have a different letter each week to help us to plan activities so they are ever changing. To encourage the children to talk about that letter. To discuss the Characters and introduce new words and sounds and get them thinking about sounds. We make sure that we keep an eye on the noise levels and that although it’s fine to be loud sometimes it is also important to have quiet times and spaces. Like the book corner to hear stories and be able to discuss them. Also learning to be quiet when someone else is talking. Especially the teacher. That it is important everyone is heard. That when instructions are given they are clearly heard and understood. Staff roles and responsibilities. It’s important that no child’s slips under the radar and that the quiet ones who are no trouble and self sufficient are also noticed. That is why we have a Keyworker system and that each child has an appointed adult who has responsibility for that child and their development, including their speech and language and communication. Also sometimes when the staff carry out duties we get the children involved in helping, like tidying up especially after lunch. The children get a chance to interact one on one with an adult. Training needs and opportunities. When the chance arises we will engage in training for specific aspects of our work. Recently most of us undertook some training in the use of Makaton. The views of the child We are always interested in what the child wants. We ask them what stories they like or what activities they like to do. They can choose what toys to get out. The other day some of them saw some soil and requested to make mud. This was a great (if messy) activity that had plenty of opportunity for discussion and interaction with an adult. Involvement of carers. We are always encouraging parents and carers to get involved most of our staff are parent volunteers. We have a couple who are Speech therapists and are willing to help us and parents to assist the children in their development. As Early year teachers we are always implementing the NEW 7 areas of learning, within each of these there are always ways of supporting S.L.C. Communication and Language Once a week we do show and tell. This is a perfect opportunity to encourage children in their SLC they are given the opportunity to share with each other about an item of their choice. They also learn how to listen to their friends. The adults give support by asking questions and using appropriate words to increase vocabulary. This also includes any form of mat time or assembly where the children have to listen to us and begin to learn when to be quiet. They also get the opportunity to pray which is good for their confidence in speaking out loud in front of their peers. Whatever their level of speech they will all pray at some point which is great. Physical Development This can be outside or inside so different levels of speech can be involved. Recently we did an activity where a story was read to the children, then they were encouraged to come outside and build an obstacle course to re-enact the story. Throughout this they were talking to us and hearing words from us about movement. Like up, down, under, through. They had to convey to us what they wanted. Also have listened to the story and understood it. Also sometimes at snack time and lunch time we take the opportunity to discuss healthy eating and how exercise is important. Personal, social and emotional development Children are always encouraged to share things with us and other children. If a child is upset by another child we try to engage them in talking about it and how each other were feeling. And to apologise to each other. We often split children into groups for things to encourage interaction with children they don’t usually play with and get them to talk to each other. Literacy We are always reading books to the children and encouraging interaction within this getting them to talk about the story and discuss it. We have the Alphabet Kingdom characters who are always introducing the children to new words and sounds. We try to use that sound all week to make sure children are hearing it and using it. Mathematics We will use maths activities to teach children words relating to it. Numbers, shapes etc. Getting children to count out loud playing games that involve numbers or shapes. Always talking to them though any activity. Also in this category for instance a child may be role playing shops and we would then encourage them in talking about money and the use of correct terms Understanding the world This could be as simple as being involved in the children’s games especially role play. If they are being doctors or nurses. We can encourage their SLC skills by using appropriate words and talking about things these people do. WE are also in the process of developing a wall display about the world and people we know in different parts of it. We can use this to talk about other languages and teach the children new words and get them to talk about their experiences of other countries. Expressive arts and Design When we are being creative there is always plenty of opportunity for talking about what we are doing. Getting them to share ideas with us and to use language associated with the activity. Into this area also comes music and singing. Which is great for SLC? Whenever we are singing we use Makaton which helps those who need it join in with us, and teaches the children the signs which they can then use to communicate with others.

New Jersey’s Proposals to Cut Health Care Spending

In virtually every corner of the United States, State governments are grappling with the inevitable challenge of deriving a balanced budget given the outstanding deficits in revenues, a scenario largely precipitated by the financial crisis that has hit the nation. New Jersey is no exception. Indeed, state officials have increasingly found themselves faced with the reality of soliciting sufficient revenues to fund the topmost priority issues, unlike in previous budget allocations. In an attempt to draw a balanced and fair budget for the 2010 fiscal year, various proposals have been advanced.One of the efforts that can not escape notice is the idea of cutting funding for the state’ FamilyCare. The proposed strategy in realizing such an objective involves freezing the enrollment of parents between 150 and 200 percent of the federal poverty level and the implementation of co-payments for individuals in Medicaid and the AIDS Drug Distribution Program (ADDP) (NJ for Health Care, 200 9). Indeed, the budget dilemma facing the state is understandable, given the severe economic conditions.Whereas the idea of cutting monetary allocations on some items would suffice in minimizing the critical budget deficits that are essential in facilitating the advancement of the state’s yearly programs, adopting a rational approach based on critical evaluation reveals the utter need to reconsider the said proposals. In an economy where a significant majority is struggling to meet the high costs of living, the proposal to cut back FamilyCare enrollment of parents is evidently a grave issue that can be described as a matter of life and death.The fact that a healthy population is vital in the enhancement of economic prosperity is an indisputable reality that the state authorities embrace. In essence, the provision of Medicaid prescription drug benefits as well as the upgrading of Drug Distribution Programs for AIDS patients is essential in promoting health and wellness among N ew Jersey residents. Amidst the tough economic times, the advocacy of a sound healthcare policy is of critical significance. As such, the proposal to cut back funding on health-related programs like FamilyCare, Medicaid and ADDP should be inevitably reconsidered.The Significance of the Proposed Changes on Health Care The availability of quality and affordable health care services is necessary in the advancement of individual well-being. From a medical perspective, the client (patient) is the most important person. A general look at the proposed cuts and co-pays gives the indication that they will affect the ability of individuals to meet health care costs at a time when the cost of living has reached significantly high levels.In reality, the proposals will have a significant impact on health-seeking behavior, which constitutes a direct concern for the nursing and medical professions. The Impact of the Proposals from Positive and Negative Perspectives Generally speaking, the idea of coming up with a single healthcare policy that is not only budget-friendly, but which adequately addresses the health needs of the American population has remained elusive.At the national as well state level, financial analysts have year in year out grappled with the task of allocating funds to diverse priority issues. The idea of substituting certain financial allocations with others discerned to be of more socioeconomic consequence, often with mixed repercussions, has emerged as one of the most popular trends. Indeed, years of research and analysis has depicted the initiative of cutting health care spending on specific items as a double-edged sword. Positive ConsequencesOne of the healthcare policy issues that have been extensively studied is the effect of Medicaid drug co-payments. Examining the results reveals a significant degree of consistency in as far as the programs’ ability to minimize the overall healthcare expenditure is concerned. A longitudinal survey carried ou t in thirty eight states revealed that co-payments play an important role in barring individuals entitled to Medicaid benefits from filling prescriptions during a particular year, holding all other factors constant (Mason, Leavitt, and Chaffee, 2007).The predominant argument advanced in support of such behavioral trends is that beneficiaries of government-sponsored healthcare programs are inherently motivated to excessively utilize healthcare services funded by the government, which include ADDP and Medicaid, when compared with those with private insurance (National Organization for Women, 2007). By extension therefore, implementing co-pays suffice in instilling an increased sense of responsibility on beneficiaries of such programs, thus minimizing the tendency to seek unnecessary medical care.In essence, the rationale behind the suggestion to implement co-pays is based on their underlying assumption that the move would discourage unnecessary consumption of the Medicaid and ADDP pro grams which have traditionally been sponsored by the New Jersey government. In the long-run, the move is expected to save the state from excessive expenditures, and the arising funds directed to other priority issues. Negative Consequences A closer evaluation depicts the proposed healthcare cutbacks as likely to precipitate numerous unintended consequences in the long-term.For instance, it would expose the residents of New Jersey to increased health risks and dangers. This is particularly so considering the vulnerable population groups such as the poorest of the poor, the physically and mentally challenged, and those suffering from terminal illnesses. According to preliminary projections, the Medicaid proposal will affect an estimated 418,000 of the most vulnerable individuals, while the ADDP one will affect about 7,500 individuals registered under the program (NJ for Health Care, 2009).Indeed, New Jersey’s FamilyCare program acts as the principal health insurance plan for lo w-income families within the state (Castro, 2007). Thus, the decision to close the insurance programs and implement co-payments will have far-reaching consequences on health-seeking behavior amongst these vulnerable groups. The most obvious result would be to deter patients from seeking healthcare at the appropriate times. This would serve to exacerbate their health conditions, and majority would definitely end up requiring specialized hospitalization and emergency attendance.For instance, baring individuals with HIV/AIDS from accessing the AIDS Drug Distribution Program and imposing co-pays implies that a significant majority from low-income households could fail to access the life sustaining drugs as well as the related services necessary for positive living. While the assumption that depicts co-pays as serving to reduce unnecessary expenditures for individuals entitled to state-sponsored medical programs like Medicaid and ADDP could hold under certain circumstances, there is also a strong counterargument that the opposite could be true.Denial of the existing health insurance program (FamilyCare) which is fairly affordable would precipitate avoidable scenarios such as healthcare emergencies as well as serious illnesses (National Organization for Women, 2007). On another front, raising co-payments encourages patients to avoid cost-effective healthcare, and instead, seek medical attendance when their health status has significantly deteriorated. Examining the previous results of implementing co-pays gives provides strong indications that they indeed cause disadvantaged and marginalized groups to forego healthcare services, even those often described as fundamentally essential.In the last financial year for instance, the state of Oregon eliminated co-pays for prescription drugs after it emerged that the state’s Medicaid program co-payments were precipitating significant shifts in treatment patterns (Mason, Leavitt, and Chaffee, 2007). According to an inv estigation carried out in the same year, Medicaid co-pays for low-income individuals not only failed to reduce health costs as envisioned in the initial plan, but also precipitated clients to prefer a waiver of the co-pay as opposed to seeking medical services. The overall result of such tendencies is to inevitably increase the associated healthcare bills.Thus by implementing the FamilyCare, Medicaid and AIDS Drugs Distribution programs, the state of New Jersey would end up incurring more costs. From a practical point of view, this increased burden would be transferred to the ordinary taxpayer who has to pay additional taxes so as to cater for the unplanned healthcare expenditures. According to an analytical survey conducted by the Hispanic Directors Association of New Jersey (HDANJ), the proposed cuts are indeed shortsighted, and will most likely have severe financial implications (NJ for Health Care, 2009).This is not only in reference to the direct costs incurred in curative care , but as well those initiatives deemed to alleviate disease causation and spread. A case in point is when we consider the possible costs of patients who contract infectious diseases like the HIV virus, simply because they lack concise awareness of how the infection is transmitted. Similarly, it would be necessary to embrace a relatively new approach in the institutionalization of mentally sick clients who fail to receive appropriate outpatient counseling (Castro, 2007).In practice, these and other cases would most likely make the state and county governments incur additional and unplanned healthcare costs. Why the Nursing Professional Body Should Oppose the Proposed Cuts and Co-pays Examining the available body of evidence provides sufficient proof that the proposals to freeze the enrollment of parents in FamilyCare and implementation co-payments for individuals in Medicaid and the AIDS Drug Distribution Program are not only unnecessary, but also poses unprecedented health risks and dangers to the residents of New Jersey.It is imperative that nursing professional organizations throughout the state join hands with the rest of the citizenry in ensuring that these proposals are not implemented, considering the pivotal nature of the nursing profession in advocating for sound healthcare policy and promoting individual wellbeing in society. Indeed, the nursing fraternity should fight these cuts by using whichever means possible to influence state authorities to safeguard the health for all residents through the restoration of funding for the State’s FamilyCare, Medicaid and AIDS Drug Distribution Programs.This could be achieved by heeding the recently derived initiative of making phone calls to the state headquarters so as to express dissatisfaction with the proposals. Rationale for the Decision The proposals to cut health care spending on programs like Medicaid and ADDP in the state should not have been advanced at such an inappropriate timing. Indeed, the c urrent financial crisis facing the nation as a whole has not spared New Jersey. Examining the unemployment rates reveals that they have attained record-high proportions.As more and more citizens are laid off thus losing individual and family healthcare insurance, the situation is becoming more and more desperate for many residents, particularly for low-income households. At a time when living costs have attained unprecedented levels, the move to cutback enrollment in the State’s FamilyCare for poor working adults as well as the initiative to implement co-payments for individuals who least can afford them could not be less untimely and misplaced.To further highlight why the proposed cuts and co-pays are unwarranted, it is worthwhile mentioning that New Jersey has indeed received unanticipated federal funding aimed at stimulating the state’s economic growth. Recently, for instance, the state received a windfall of an estimated two billion dollars (for Medicaid) and anoth er one hundred million dollars (for FamilyCare) in additional federal funding, both of which were unexpected (). Despite the fact that these funds were largely utilized to correct the deficits in the state budget, it would have been similarly important to use a certain percentage cushion the health cutbacks.Indeed, this was the actual intention of the Congress. By utilizing the additional funds in appropriate ways, New Jersey would have probably won itself even more federal funding to meet its priority issues. In a nutshell therefore, implementing the said proposals is certainly a misplaced option, considering that it would have been avoided had the sound allocation mechanisms been employed. According to recent projections, an estimated seventy thousand people would be removed from the FamilyCare program, the only major health insurance scheme for low-income households should the stated proposals go through (NJ for Health Care, 2009).Likewise, the proposed move to implement Medicaid co-payments will affect the majority of those it is intended for: the elderly, poor, and children. The increased premiums and co-pays for health care have the implication that these vulnerable groups will be unable to access and afford essential medical services. Indeed, thousands of children in New Jersey could end up losing coverage for essential health care services such as payments for hearing aids, eyeglasses, and speech therapy among other necessary therapies hardly affordable to low-income households.In addition, implementation of co-pays for patients registered in the ADDP means that the less disadvantaged may experience unprecedented challenges in accessing drugs, counseling services, and any other necessary therapies and therapies. Overall, the implementation of the proposed cuts and co-pays make it hard for New Jersey residents to access quality and affordable health care which has often been cited as a necessary prerequisite for economic growth and development. As evide nce from the Oregon case where similar cutbacks were implemented, the overall state expenditure on healthcare is likely to increase, rather than decrease.Though proposal to implement FamilyCare cuts and Medicaid programs co-payments may lead to reduced costs in the short-term, the unintended consequences such as the tendency by patients to seek medical services when their health condition has deteriorated will mean additional in the long-term. Rather than the envisaged intention of lowering costs, the implementation of the proposals will only serve to place extra pressure on the state coffers, which in turn will be redirected to ordinary taxpayers.As New Jersey’s Senator Joseph Vitale recently observed, not only will vulnerable families be affected, but the state economy will also be hurt (NJ for Health Care, 2009). According to state projections, investing a single dollar in FamilyCare generates about four dollars in business activity, which translates to a loss estimated at forty million dollars (The Star-Ledger Editorial Board, 2009). Evidently therefore, the implementation of the proposed cuts and co-pays will have vast, disastrous and multiple consequences on individual families and the state as a whole.Those arguing for the implementation of Medicaid and ADDP co-payments also seem to neglect the essentiality of good health. By making healthcare services less affordable particularly for low-income families, the proposed co-pays will push individuals to the edge where they will continuously face one inevitable dilemma: that of choosing between basic necessities like food and housing on the one hand, and heath care needs on the other. The overall result would be to discourage health-seeking behavior.By implication, the nursing and medical professional fraternities will be faced with the increased task of attending to patients in critical conditions, which puts unwarranted burdens on an already strained health care system. Conclusion Considering the t ough economic conditions that prevail in the state of New Jersey, it is imperative that the proposals to implement cuts for FamilyCare and co-pays for Medicaid and ADDP programs be reconsidered.Particularly for individual families earning low incomes, the implementation of such initiatives presents a situation where one is increasingly faced with the dilemma of choosing between heath care needs and other necessities of life. Considering that the harsh economic conditions may force the State’s residents to opt to satisfy the more pressing needs of food and rent at the expense of health care services, it is necessary to reexamine the proposals.In a nutshell, the New Jersey State authorities should focus on expanding health care insurance coverage for all residents irrespective of their socioeconomic status or race, rather than suggesting cuts and co-pays which will not only harm individual families, but the wellbeing of the state as a whole. References Castro, R. J. (2007). Tim e to Keep the FamilyCare Promise. New Jersey Policy Perspective. http://njcitizenaction. org/hcfallingshort. pdf Coalition for a Moral Budget. (2009). Press release: Medicaid and ADDP co-pays will harm the most vulnerable New Jerseyans call upon legislature to eliminate co-pays from budget.Mason, D. J. , Leavitt, J. K. , and Chaffee, M. W. (2007). Policy & politics in nursing and health care. (5th ed). Edinburgh : Elsevier Mosby. National Organization for Women. (2007). Tax cuts hurt the poor. Opposing Viewpoints: Poverty. Ed. Viqi Wagner. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http://find. galegroup. com/ovrc/infomark. do? &contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T010&prodId=OVRC&docId=EJ3010159287&source=gale&srcprod=OVRC&userGroupName=apollo&version=1.0 NJ for Health Care (2009). Senator Vitale, Chair NJ Senate Health Committee stands with advocates to oppose cut backs to NJ FamilyCare, Medicaid and the Aids Drug Distribution Program. May 12, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http://njcitizenaction. org/hcpress20090512a. html The Star-Ledger Editorial Board. (May 26, 2009). N. J. FamilyCare funding: An avoidable budget cut. The Star-Ledger. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http://blog. nj. com/njv_editorial_page/2009/05/nj_familycare_funding_an_avoid. html

Do SAT Scores Predict Success

Do SAT Scores Predict Success SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s no doubt that a good SAT score will give you a leg up in college admissions, but is this advantage justified? It’s been argued, especially in recent years, that SAT scores are not reliable predictors of success in college academics, the job world, and beyond. In this article, I’ll explore these claims and see just how relevant your scores are to your future. Do High SAT Scores Predict Future Academic Success? The short answer is â€Å"not always.†SAT scores only account for 10 to 20 percent of the variation in first-year college GPAs, but this statistic is slightly misleading. Since most schools admit students who fall within a relatively small range of SAT scores, a student's performance on the SAT is less likely to predict large variations in GPA. If one college admitted students with SAT scores that were all over the map, the predictive value of the scores would likely be stronger. Still, according to this study, high school GPA is a more accurate predictor of a student’s ultimate success in college than SAT scores.A student with average SAT scores and a high GPA is overall more likely to be successful in college than a student with high SAT scores and a GPA that’s on the lower side.Many students put a lot of effort into SAT prep, so scores can still be a strong indication of a student’s academic dedication.However, SAT scores represent the results of one test, whereas GPA represents the result of hundreds of tests. GPA usually provides a morecomplete and accurate picture of how students meet academic challenges. Students with high SAT scores may have earned their scores through natural ability and a solid education, or they may have devoted a lot of time and effort to test preparation.If a high score is due to natural ability, it won’t necessarily mean that the student has the wherewithal to complete long-term assignments and think deeply and critically in the ways that college classes require.However, if the student did put a lot of time and effort into SAT prep, a high score may very well be indicative of serious dedication even if he or she has a low GPA. The SAT can’t definitively predict the effort that a student is willing to put into academics or how he or she will respond to assignments that require extended effort and concentration.Many people with high SAT scores do go on to become academically successful, but this is usually because they also have the drive to succeed in school. They most likely earned their scores through hard work and maintained a high GPA in high school as well.Students with high GPAs and high SAT scores remain the most likely to end up successful in college. If you have a low high school GPA but high SAT scores that you worked hard to earn, don’t let the overall trends affect your self-perception too much.High SAT scores may indicate that you have a lot of raw intelligence, you went to a great high school, you worked hard and studied a lot for the test, or some random combination of those factors.Scores can have very different origins, which means that they don’t automatically spell future academic success. They just make it a bit more likely! A+ grades don't exist at most colleges. But you'll probably get at least a few As because grade inflation is so bad. Do High SAT Scores Predict Future Career Success? The SAT can’t reliably measure perseverance, conscientiousness, or interpersonal skills. These are the traits that result in long-term success in virtually any career field. A high score may indicate that a student possesses some of these qualities (especially if they studied hard for it), but it's not a guarantee. Your scorealso can't always predict your ultimate level of education, which is a much better indicator of future career success and earning potential. People with associate’s degrees earn less on average than people with bachelor’s degrees, and people with bachelor’s degrees earn less on average than people with master’s degrees.Your major also makes a big difference in your ultimate earnings. People who major in engineering or IT earn more on average than people who major in the humanities.There is a correlation between people who earn high SAT scores and people who strive to work in more competitive fields or earn more advanced degrees, but the SAT score alone doesn’t always predict success. There are a few job fields with strict recruiting processes thatrequire candidates to report their SAT scores.These include consulting, software engineering, and investment banking.Since these jobs are very competitive, employers use SAT scores as another way to weed out â€Å"less qualified† applicants.So yes, having a high SAT score can help you if you are planning on going through recruiting processes for these types of jobs, but if you don’t have other qualifications going for you, SAT scores can only get your so far. The bottom line is that high SAT scores can start you on the path to a strong career, but to succeed long-term you'll have to possess other qualities that are valuable in the job world outside of the narrow set of skills that are tested. If, for example, you want to have a career in hanging signs that say "career" from invisible rafters in a white room, your SAT scores won't matter because you've completely lost touch with reality. Are People With High SAT Scores Ultimately Happier? This is a tough one because it depends on how you define â€Å"happier†.Within the higher education system that’s currently in place, it’s a fact that high SAT scores will get you into more prestigious colleges, leading to more potential job prospects, and, depending on your major and how much education you get, a fulfilling career. Since happiness is such a subjective measure, it’s difficult to say whether high SAT scores will lead to greater happiness in your life.If your happiness is tied up in academic achievement and attaining high levels of education, high SAT scores may propel you down a path to greater happiness.If these things aren’t as important to you, and you have other priorities like creating great art, having a family, or pursuing a career where academic achievement is less relevant, SAT scores won’t necessarily impact how happy you are.Some people with high SAT scores might be lesshappy because they’re never satisfied with what they do, no matter how outwardly successful they might look. Getting a college education is a good start to a fulfilling life for most people, but if you have a 1500 SAT score and someone else has a 2000, you’ll both be able to get into college. After that point, it’s hard to tell which one of you will be happier in the long run.Your SAT score on its own can’t determine your destiny! According to Google images, all you have to do to find true happiness is to jump in the air with a cool-looking sky behind you. Conclusion All in all, it would be inaccurate to say that SAT scores can directly predict success.High SAT scores will enable you to get into a selective school and can predict your GPA for the first year of college relatively well, but from then on your success may vary a lot depending on how driven you are. Overall, people with high SAT scores and low high school GPAs are likely to end up with low GPAs in college as well, and people with average SAT scores and impressive high school GPAs are likely to continue to get good grades in college.High SAT scores will give you a leg up in some competitive job markets, but they can’t necessarily predict how well you'll do long-term in your career. The main thing to take away from this information is that high SAT scores help you get into college, but they don’t mean that you’re set for life.As I’ve said, a high score can mean different things depending on how you earned it.For some students, it’s indicative of hard work and prep over a long period of time, and for others it’s indicative of a natural aptitude for test taking and a strong high school education. If you pulled your high SAT score out of thin air, it might be less of a solid predictor of your ability to face academic struggles and work hard later in life.If you put in a lot of effort to earn a high score, it’s more likely that you’ll end up doing well in college and beyond because you have the discipline to overcome intellectual challenges. What's Next? Not sure whether your score measures up? Find out what a good SAT score means for you based on your goals. If you're working on improving your SAT score, check out these fifteen tips that you can use to make big positive changes with little extra study time. Are you trying to avoid sending colleges your SAT scores? You should investigate these schools that have test optional application policies. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Samantha Lindsay About the Author Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. 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Italian Verb Participles

Italian Verb Participles The participle is a verbal adjective and very close to the noun. It owes its name to the fact that participates (in Latin partem capit, that takes part) to these categories. In Italian he has two stages, the present and the past. The uses of the present participle as a verb (steering wheel, dormant, remaining) are infrequent in the Romance languages, which forms typically have the function of adjectives and nouns. Imperative for their voice systems is instead the past (ex .: flown, slept, left), which is evident in the formation of compound tenses as the recent past. Different languages ​​like Latin also have a form of the future. The Italian Present ParticipleIn Latin the present participle was once rarely irregular, so this regularity has also been transferred in Italian. It is formed in this way: the endings of the infinitive are replaced by those of the present participle (-ante, -ente -ente.) Irregular forms part, counterproductive, nulladicente, contractor etc. follow the peculiarity of the imperfect indicative; For shapes in -iente, please refer to the item on the third conjugation: participles in -iente. This verbal form generally replaces a relative clause, as the examples: Abbiamo qui una scatola contenente diversi oggetti piccolissimi (che contiene); Si tratta di un uccello proveniente dallAfrica (che proviene); Questa à ¨ una parola derivante dal latino (che deriva). Form of the verb itself, the present participle is rare. More often, the verb in the present participle gives rise to nouns (assistant, teacher, caregiver) or adjectives (heavy, irritating, missing), all cases in which gender is invariable (both male and female). Sometimes can form adverbs (as in, the last word). The derivation process may have originated much during the development of the Italian language, as in the days of the Latin. Survive, including the direct inheritance from Latin, of the type phrases like it or not, even as the words formed from a Latin verb or fallen into disuse: absent from absentem, present participle, see abesse Latin verb (be absent) This present participle formed according to the procedure unlike the previous Still, composed not by obstantem, present participle, see obstare Latin verb (be opposed) In these cases, it is not uncommon that the verb of departure is almost unrecognizable, both in form and in meaning. Returning typically use more verbal, it must be said that in the past was seen much more frequently, as evidenced by various literary sources created during the history of Italian literature. The use form of the verb survives primarily in texts particularly articulated, products in often formal: I contribuenti aventi diritto ad un rimborso dovranno rivolgersi alla banca. Where the nominal style is taken to the extreme (with extreme elaboration of the statement), the present participle is occasionally used to generate a compound shape: in fact using a construct obtained with the present of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle the verb to be conjugated. The result will be something like: Saranno invitati i soci aventi partecipato alle sessioni dellanno precedente. In this case, aventi partecipato represents what in a subordinate clause explicit should be indicated with a relative to the past (that participated), here of a sort of linguistic calque that generates a verbal form non-existent in the system. Compared to participants, the difference lies in the fact that the action is considered to be accomplished. It is syntactic structures of luxury, especially popular in Italian bureaucracy, which often prevents combine to make room instead of ways as the participle and the gerund. A comparable form obtained with the auxiliary be not possible since in these cases the Italian grammar already provides for use of the past participle. The Italian Past ParticipleThe Italian past participle is derived directly from the Latin that was once very irregular, since it stemmed from a subject other than that of the present, that of his back. FORMATION OF THE PAST PARTICIPLEIn Italian the past participle, along with the remote past is the time more irregular. Forms regular endings of the infinitive are replaced by those of the past participle (-ato, -uto -ito.) 1st conjugation -are eg. sing 2nd -ere eg. contain 3rd -ire eg. act past participle -ato (sung) -uto (content) -ito (acted) The verb to be is defective and the past participle form the compound tenses with participle of the verb be (state). As regards the position of pronouns unstressed, see the section other projects. FIRST CONJUGATIONAlmost all the Italian verbs of the first conjugation (-are) is regular. The only exception is the verb do, which originally belonged to the second. The form of the past participle is made, which also feature several compounds (counterfeit counterfeit). SECOND CONJUGATIONVerbs of the Italian verbs second conjugation (-ere) are typically irregular. To distinguish the conjugation is divided into two classes, derived from the second and third Latin conjugation. Verbs in -ere with the vowel and then with the penultimate stressed syllable (as Will) are generally smooth (keep held); there is no shortage, however, exceptions: past participle in -s (Opinion appeared, assert earned); -Im in the past participle (remain left, see seen); As for verbs in -ere with unstressed vowel and then with emphasis on the third last syllable (like writing) regular shapes are few. The main forms are: past participle in -s (melt zone); past participle in -sso (grant granted); past participle in -to (live lived); past participle in -tto (break broken); -Im in the past participle (place place). THIRD CONJUGATIONThe Italian verbs of the third conjugation (-ire) are generally regular. The exceptions are: verbs in -consonante rire form the past participle in -erto (open open, s) offer (s) offered); verbs in -vocale rire form the past participle in -rso (appear appeared); others are totally irregular verbs (die dead come came). DEFECTIVE VERBS AND SPECIAL CASESThey may be missing, in so-called defective verbs, forms of verbs as compete, diverge, exempt, itch, screeching. As for the verb shine, we shined the participle is now disused. Other times you have two forms (happen succeeded, success). The verb happen has two forms with different meanings, a regular succeeded ( substitute) and uneven success ( happen). Similarly provide participles has two different meanings: provided ( supplied) and done ( it has done so). Similarly the verb reflect has two participles of different meaning: thought ( meditated) and reflection ( mirrored). The verb bisognare has the past participle (have been necessary), but the formation of compound tenses is abandoned, especially if used in an impersonal way (eg. It been necessary to go). The Italian Past Participle In ConjugationThe past participle is used primarily for the formation of compound tenses as the past tense or past perfect, in combination with the auxiliary verb essere or avere (I went; I ate). Its proximity to the category of adjective is confirmed by the fact that the conjugated forms with be, like the adjective, should be tuned to the number and gender of the subject to which they refer. Combined with the auxiliary be and come, forms of the past participle of transitive verbs are used to form the bottom: The mouse was eaten; you have not been criticized. Also in this case, the forms should be tuned for gender and number to the subject. There are no female or plural forms of verbs that, despite being intransitive, are married to have (lunch, gossiping). For rules and linguistic doubts on the agreement of the participle (Lucio left me / a, the cream that you have mounted / a, I have not forgotten / a), see chapter on the formation of the recent past. The Italian Past Participle In Subordinate ClausesA specific use of this verb form is found also in the subordination implied. This means that the form of the past participle is replacing a verb. Uscita di casa, Sara si à ¨ guardata intorno. is therefore equivalent to: Dopo che era uscita di casa, Sara si à ¨ guardata intorno. The advantage of this construct is the enormous simplification of the statement. Verbal forms of the participle in the subordinate clause (left home) indicates prior art temporal than that indicated in the main clause (the action indicated by the verb is therefore out front than to look). The function of the participle in the alternative is often to allow the formation of a temporal proposition, as shown in the example just illustrated. In addition to this type of secondary phrase, the past participle can be used with other meanings; remembers the first relative clause implied: Sono state ritrovate le scarpe della ragazza uccisa la settimana scorsa. The subject would otherwise be exposed to a whole implicit explicit subject (la ragazza che era stata uccisa). The past participle is also used in the causal proposition implied: Provocata, la scimmia ha morso lospite dello zoo. where provocata is caused by siccome era stata provocata. There is also a feature of the past participle in the sentence concessiva: Pur se provocata ripetutamente, la scimmia non ha morso lospite dello zoo. The construct is much simpler than type structures Malgrado fosse stata provocata ripetutamente, la scimmia non ha morso lospite dello zoo. The Italian Past Participle in Word FormationAs mentioned, the participle a close fit to the categories of adjective and verb form of adjectives, the past participle is widespread. It may make sense passive (wrong answer; a failed project, a written request) or active (the dead rat). The past participle is also quite common in the formation of nouns: the shock, the scolding, the delegate, the fact, the mass, the state, the race, the course (derived from verb to noun). Often, the words in question are directly derived from the past participle of the Latin form. Also derived from the past participle suffixes -ata and -ato, used for forming words from noun to noun. For example, next to the noun we find the clown antics: female, it is derived indicating mostly action (nudge,) or its result (the spaghetti, the peppers); This contrasts rather a state or a charge masculine nouns formed with the suffix -ato (Marquis, celibacy, protectorate).

Key Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key Issues - Assignment Example These people are supposed to have the much-needed knowledge and skills to make sure the projects succeed. I am one of the people that have really advocated for the change of the way systems are run in these organisations, proposing some changes that are critical for the implementation of goals and objectives. Many people have so far come to acknowledge the fact that for effectiveness and efficiency in the management of work practices, change is inevitable. This has seen the development of the GIS plan, which is thought to be the best approach that can be the solution to some of the challenges being experienced at present. Being the person in chance of the project, I have realized that I need to make some adjustments in my skills endowment in order to implement the problem successfully. One of the areas that are challenging to me is the staffing issue. In general, staffing is an important practice undertaken by the human resource department so that companies and organisations get the right personnel that can achieve the organisations goals and objectives. The staffing process is quite comprehensive, beginning with job evaluation, creating the advertisements for the identified jobs and vacancies, calling people for interviews and skimming for the bets human resources to undertake the new goals and objectives (Gilmore, 34). In as much as this activity looks easy, it may not be the actual case, the person undertaking the exercise needs to have knowledge and about wage requirements in the market and how to remunerate the new staff in light of the organization’s ability. In addition, the people selected must have the experience for the job identified. In this case, the person interviewing should have a way in which he can tell the genuineness and ability of the candidates to perform the job when offered. One thing that I have decided is that in as much as the